Keywords
Heterotis niloticus
Dams
Phenotypic variation
multivariate analysis
Dams
Phenotypic variation
multivariate analysis
Abstract
Morphometric characteristics of Heterotis niloticus populations from three waters in Northern Nigeria were investigated to assess their phenotypic variations. One hundred and five (105) fish samples with lengths of 14.5-43.9cm and weights of 120-780g were collected from Alau Dam, Borno State, Tiga Dam, Kano State, and Shiroro Dam, Niger State, Nigeria, and twenty-two morphological characters were measured. The data obtained were subjected to principal components, discriminant functions, and cluster analyses using PAST 4.04. Principal components analysis of morphometric traits extracted ten factors with eigenvalues greater than one. The results show that the first, second, and third PCs accounted for 63.58%, 22.01, and 7.08% variation, respectively. The cumulative percentage rate of the 1st two PC was 85.87%. Both discriminant factor and clustering analysis in morphometric characters among the Alau, Tiga, and Shiroro H. niloticus resulted in two main clusters. Distances between morphometric variables among H. niloticus populations were 97.30%. The present study revealed morphometric diversity between the H. niloticus strains of Tiga, Shiroro, and Alau Dams. This study provides basic information on morphometric variation in H. niloticus populations from the three Dams, and it could be adopted in fisheries management for conservation and sustainable exploitation of H. niloticus.
References
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Adite, A., Gbankoto, A., Imorou Toko, I.I., & Fiogbe, E.D. (2013). Diet Breadth Variation and Trophic Plasticity Behaviour of the African Bonytongue Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier 1829) in the So River-Lake Hlan Aquatic System (Benin, West Africa): Implications for Species Conservation and Aquaculture Development. Natural Sciences, 5: 1219-1229.
Agbugui, M. O., Egbo, H. O., & Abhulimen, F. E. (2021). The Biology of the African Bony tongue Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) from the Lower Niger River at Agenebode in Edo State, Nigeria. Hindawi International Journal of Zoology, p.13.
Aryani, N. N & Suharman, I. (2013). Morphological characterisation of Baung Fish (Hemibagrus nemurus) Aquatic Habitat on the Different Method-based Truss Morphometrics. Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 4 (3), 139-142.
Asiya, S & Ahmad, F. S (2018). Morphometric and Meristic Characters of Selangat Fish (Anodontostoma sp.) from Kelabat Bay and Tukak Strait, Bangka Belitung. Advances in Engineering Research, volume 167. International Conference on Maritime and Archipelago.
Avser, D. (1994). Diet and Feeding Behaviour of the Scaldfish (Amoglossus latema, Valbarium, 1782) in the Bay of Mersin. Acta Andriatica, 34 (2), 89-101.
Bal, H., Yanik, T. & Turker, D. (2021). Assessment of morphological variation between stocks of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Actinopterygii, Perciformes, Pomatomidae), in the Aegean Sea, Black Sea, and Sea of Marmara. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 51 (1), 85-94. DOI: 10.3897/aiep.51.63319.
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Barau, A.S. (2007). The Great Attraction of the Kano Research and Documentation Directorate of the Government House Kano, Published by the Research and Documentation Directorate, Government House Kano, p178. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.3958.9922.
Begg, A.G., Kelvin, D.F. &John, B.P. (1999). Stock identification and its role in stock assessment And fisheries management: an overview. 43 (1–3), 1-8.
Cadrin, S. X. (2000). Advances in morphometric identification of fishery stocks. Review in Fish Biol Fisher 10: 91-112.
Carpentier, F. G. (2007). Introduction aux analyses multi-dimensionnelles, p.135.
Carvalho, G. R. (1993). “Evolutionary Aspect of Fish Distribution: Genetic Variability and Adaptation. Journal of Fish Biology, 43(Supplement A), 53-73.
Ezilrani, P. & Christopher, J. G. (2015). Genetic Variation and Differentiation in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Assessed by Heterologous Microsatellite DNA. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 14: 388-389.
FAO (2019). The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org › core › content.
Franssen, N. R. (2011). Anthropogenic Habitat Alteration induces rapid Morphological divergence in a Native Stream Fish. Evolutionary and Applied Sciences, 4: 791-804.
Gbaguidi, A.S. & Pfeiffer, V. (1996). Stastistiques des peches continentals, Annees 1987–1995. Cotonou, Benin: GTZ-GmbH, Benin Direction des Pêches.
Hass, T. C., Blum, M. J, & Hens, D. C. (2010). Morphological Responses of a Stream Fish to Water Impoundment. Biological Lett., 6: 803-806.
Huseyn, K., Abdolali, M., Hossein, Z., & Negin, S. (2014). Morphological variability of Liza aurata (Risso, 1810), along the southern Caspian Sea, the Egyptian German Society for Zoology, The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 67: 100–107.
Ikpeme, E.V., Ekerette, E.E., Udensi, O.U & Ozoje, M. O. (2017). Assessment of Morphological Variation In Wild and Cultured Populations of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 13(2), 1-10.
Juvenal, T. D., Algrient, N. T., Paul, Z., Jeanne, W., Thomas, E. E., & Felix, M. (2023). Phenotypic polymorphism of African bony tongue fish Heterotis niloticus (CUVIER, 1829) in the Cameroon rainforest region. Research article. Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences, 18(3), 595-605
Karakousis, Y. (1991). Triantaphyllidis C; Economidis P.S. Journal of Fish Biology, 38:807 817.
Kenge, B.N., Abdullahi, M.S. & Njoka-Onu, K.A. (2021). A Review of Sustainable Culture and Conservation of Indigenous Scaly Fish: Case Study of Heterotis (Heterotis niloticus, Cuvier, 1829). Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 15(2), 020-023.
Lae, R. (1995). Climatic and anthropogenic effects on fish diversity and fish yields in the central Delta of the Niger river, Aquatic Living Resources, 8 (1), 43–58.
Landau, S, & Everit, B.S. (2004). A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SPSS. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press Company, New York, p.339.
Mahfuj, M. S., Khatun, A., Boidya, P, & Samad, A. (2019). Meristic and morphometric variations of the barred Spiny eel Macrognathus pancalus populations from Bangladeshi fresh waters: an insight into the landmark-based truss network system. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 77:7-18.
Mala, B. G., Jibril, A. Y., Umar, B., & Sadiq, A. W. (2024). Navigating the Depths: An Assessment of the Management and Operations of Alau Dam Reservoir. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research, 12(2), 1-14.
Miguel, H., Jose, C., Ferna, N., Rafaela, A., & Eduardo, S. M. (2005). Morphometric and meristic variation in Galician three-spine stickleback populations, northwest Spain. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 73:189–200.
Mojekwu, T. O, & Anumudu, C. I. (2013). Microsatellite markers in Aquaculture: Application in Fish population genetics IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 5 (4),43-48.
Monentcham, S. E., Kouam, J., Pouomogne, V., & Kestemont, P. (2009). Biology and prospects for aquaculture of African bony tongue, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier 1829): A review. Aquaculture, 289:191–198.
Moreau, J. (1982) Expos´e synoptique des donn´eesbiologiquessur Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier 1829) FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 131, p.44.
Mustapha, M. K. (2010). Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829), a Threatened Fish Species in the Oyun Reservoir, Offa, Nigeria: The Need for its onservation,” Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 1 (7), 511–514.
Nakamura, T. (2003). Meristic and Morphometric Variation in the Fluvial Japanese Chair between Rivers System and Among Tributaries of a River System. Biol. Fishes, 66(2), 133-141.
Oladimeji, T. E., Awodiran, M. O. & Ola-Oladimeji, F. A. (2020). Morphological Characterization of Natural populations of Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) from three selected reservoirs in south-western Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 22 (3), 85-96.
Ola-oladimeji, F. A., Michael O. A., Omotayo F, & Adetola O. A. (2016). Morphological Characterisation of Wild and Cultured Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Using Principal Component and Cluster Analyses. Not Sci Biol, 8(4), 428-436.
Oladipo, S. O., Everett, A., Atofarati, O. T., Smith, K. K., Nneji, I. C., Adelakun, K. M. & Nneji L.M. (2025). Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) In: An updated ichthyofaunal checklist for the Nigerian Lagos Lagoon with notes on nomenclatural changes and the conservation status of species. Zootaxa 5646(1),38-62, DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.2.
Omoniyi, I.T. & Agbon, A.O. (2008). Morphometric variations in Sarotherodon melanotheron (Pisces: Cichlidae) from brackish and fresh water habitats in south-western Nigeria. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 12: 1-5.
Turan C., Yalcin, S., Turan, F, Okur, E & Akyurt, I. (2005). Morphometric comparisons of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, populations in Turkey. Folia Zoologica 54:165-172.
Paugy, D. (1990). Osteoglossidae. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy & G.G. Teugels (eds.) Fauna of Freshwater and Brackish Water Fishes of West Africa. Volume 1. Coll. Fauna Trop. n°XXVIII. Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, and Éditions de l'ORSTOM, Paris. 1, p.386.
Reed, W., J. Burchard, A.J. Hopson, J. Jenness, & Yaro, I. (1967). Fish and fisheries of Northern Nigeria. Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Nigeria, Nigeria, p.226.
Suleiman, B. U. & Ifabiyi, I. P. (2015). The Role of Rainfall Variability in Reservoir Storage Management at Shiroro Dam, Nigeria. Monoma Ethiopian Journal of Science, 7: 55-63.
Solomon, S. G., Okomoda, V. T., & Ogbenyikwu, A. I. (2015). Intraspecific morphological variation between cultured and wild Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) (Clariidae, Siluriformes) Archives of Polish Fisheries, 23:53-61.
Ukenye, E. A. Taiwo, I. A., Ezekiel, M. O. & Udoezika, U. C. (2015). Morphological Variation of Ten Tilapia guineensis Populations in Selected Rivers in Nigerian coastal waters International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 24(1), 273-284.
Vatandoust, S., Asghar, A., Hossein, A, & Hamed, M (2014). Morphometric and meristic characteristics and morphological differentiation among five populations of Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario (Pisces: Salmonidae) along the southern Caspian Sea basin. European Journal of Zoological Research, 3 (2):56-65 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html),
Welcomme, R. L. (1988). International introductions of inland aquatic species, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, (294) 318, p.384
Wmnbegter, P.H. (1992). An Evaluation of Morphometrics and Meristics for Stock Separation of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 45: 197–218.
World Bank/ Lake /Chad Basic Commission (2002). Appraisal of the Safety of the Tiga and Challawa Gorge Dams, Nigeria. 563 (2): P.8.
Zamroni, A., Kembaren, D. D., Ernawati, T., Purwanto. Satria, F., Nurdin, E., Mardiani, S. R., & Budiarti, T.W. (2021). A Genetic and Morphometric Study on Red Snapper and Grouper in Fisheries Management Area 715. A Case Study on Malabar Blood Napper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and Leopard Coral Grouper (Plectropomus leopardus). Prepared by the Research Institute for Marine Fisheries - MMAF and the USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project. Jakarta, Indonesia, p.60.
Zhao, P. H., Liu, B. S., Liu, B., Zhu, K. C., Guo, H. Y., Xian, L., Zhang, N., & Zhang, D. C. (2023). Analysis of Morphological differences Among different Populations of Golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, Bamidgeh, 75 (1),3p.
Adite, A., Winemiller, K. O., & Fiogbe, E.D. (2006). Population structure and reproduction of the African Bony tongue Fish Heterotis niloticus in the Soˆ River-floodplain system (Benin, West Africa): implications for management. Ecology and Freshwater Fisheries, 15:30–39.
Adie, D. B., Ismail, A., Muhammad, M. M. & Aliyu, U. B. (2012). Analysis of the Water Resources Potential and Useful Life of the Shiroro Dam, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 2(4): 341-348.
Adite, A., Gbankoto, A., Imorou Toko, I.I., & Fiogbe, E.D. (2013). Diet Breadth Variation and Trophic Plasticity Behaviour of the African Bonytongue Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier 1829) in the So River-Lake Hlan Aquatic System (Benin, West Africa): Implications for Species Conservation and Aquaculture Development. Natural Sciences, 5: 1219-1229.
Agbugui, M. O., Egbo, H. O., & Abhulimen, F. E. (2021). The Biology of the African Bony tongue Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) from the Lower Niger River at Agenebode in Edo State, Nigeria. Hindawi International Journal of Zoology, p.13.
Aryani, N. N & Suharman, I. (2013). Morphological characterisation of Baung Fish (Hemibagrus nemurus) Aquatic Habitat on the Different Method-based Truss Morphometrics. Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 4 (3), 139-142.
Asiya, S & Ahmad, F. S (2018). Morphometric and Meristic Characters of Selangat Fish (Anodontostoma sp.) from Kelabat Bay and Tukak Strait, Bangka Belitung. Advances in Engineering Research, volume 167. International Conference on Maritime and Archipelago.
Avser, D. (1994). Diet and Feeding Behaviour of the Scaldfish (Amoglossus latema, Valbarium, 1782) in the Bay of Mersin. Acta Andriatica, 34 (2), 89-101.
Bal, H., Yanik, T. & Turker, D. (2021). Assessment of morphological variation between stocks of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Actinopterygii, Perciformes, Pomatomidae), in the Aegean Sea, Black Sea, and Sea of Marmara. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 51 (1), 85-94. DOI: 10.3897/aiep.51.63319.
Bankole, N.O., Sule, O.D., Okwuundu, E.C. & Amadi, M. (1994). Preliminary Investigation into the Fish and a Catch Assessment Survey of Alau Lake. In: Annual Report of National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria, 1 – 28.
Barau, A.S. (2007). The Great Attraction of the Kano Research and Documentation Directorate of the Government House Kano, Published by the Research and Documentation Directorate, Government House Kano, p178. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.3958.9922.
Begg, A.G., Kelvin, D.F. &John, B.P. (1999). Stock identification and its role in stock assessment And fisheries management: an overview. 43 (1–3), 1-8.
Cadrin, S. X. (2000). Advances in morphometric identification of fishery stocks. Review in Fish Biol Fisher 10: 91-112.
Carpentier, F. G. (2007). Introduction aux analyses multi-dimensionnelles, p.135.
Carvalho, G. R. (1993). “Evolutionary Aspect of Fish Distribution: Genetic Variability and Adaptation. Journal of Fish Biology, 43(Supplement A), 53-73.
Ezilrani, P. & Christopher, J. G. (2015). Genetic Variation and Differentiation in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Assessed by Heterologous Microsatellite DNA. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 14: 388-389.
FAO (2019). The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org › core › content.
Franssen, N. R. (2011). Anthropogenic Habitat Alteration induces rapid Morphological divergence in a Native Stream Fish. Evolutionary and Applied Sciences, 4: 791-804.
Gbaguidi, A.S. & Pfeiffer, V. (1996). Stastistiques des peches continentals, Annees 1987–1995. Cotonou, Benin: GTZ-GmbH, Benin Direction des Pêches.
Hass, T. C., Blum, M. J, & Hens, D. C. (2010). Morphological Responses of a Stream Fish to Water Impoundment. Biological Lett., 6: 803-806.
Huseyn, K., Abdolali, M., Hossein, Z., & Negin, S. (2014). Morphological variability of Liza aurata (Risso, 1810), along the southern Caspian Sea, the Egyptian German Society for Zoology, The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 67: 100–107.
Ikpeme, E.V., Ekerette, E.E., Udensi, O.U & Ozoje, M. O. (2017). Assessment of Morphological Variation In Wild and Cultured Populations of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 13(2), 1-10.
Juvenal, T. D., Algrient, N. T., Paul, Z., Jeanne, W., Thomas, E. E., & Felix, M. (2023). Phenotypic polymorphism of African bony tongue fish Heterotis niloticus (CUVIER, 1829) in the Cameroon rainforest region. Research article. Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences, 18(3), 595-605
Karakousis, Y. (1991). Triantaphyllidis C; Economidis P.S. Journal of Fish Biology, 38:807 817.
Kenge, B.N., Abdullahi, M.S. & Njoka-Onu, K.A. (2021). A Review of Sustainable Culture and Conservation of Indigenous Scaly Fish: Case Study of Heterotis (Heterotis niloticus, Cuvier, 1829). Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 15(2), 020-023.
Lae, R. (1995). Climatic and anthropogenic effects on fish diversity and fish yields in the central Delta of the Niger river, Aquatic Living Resources, 8 (1), 43–58.
Landau, S, & Everit, B.S. (2004). A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SPSS. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press Company, New York, p.339.
Mahfuj, M. S., Khatun, A., Boidya, P, & Samad, A. (2019). Meristic and morphometric variations of the barred Spiny eel Macrognathus pancalus populations from Bangladeshi fresh waters: an insight into the landmark-based truss network system. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 77:7-18.
Mala, B. G., Jibril, A. Y., Umar, B., & Sadiq, A. W. (2024). Navigating the Depths: An Assessment of the Management and Operations of Alau Dam Reservoir. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research, 12(2), 1-14.
Miguel, H., Jose, C., Ferna, N., Rafaela, A., & Eduardo, S. M. (2005). Morphometric and meristic variation in Galician three-spine stickleback populations, northwest Spain. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 73:189–200.
Mojekwu, T. O, & Anumudu, C. I. (2013). Microsatellite markers in Aquaculture: Application in Fish population genetics IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 5 (4),43-48.
Monentcham, S. E., Kouam, J., Pouomogne, V., & Kestemont, P. (2009). Biology and prospects for aquaculture of African bony tongue, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier 1829): A review. Aquaculture, 289:191–198.
Moreau, J. (1982) Expos´e synoptique des donn´eesbiologiquessur Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier 1829) FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 131, p.44.
Mustapha, M. K. (2010). Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829), a Threatened Fish Species in the Oyun Reservoir, Offa, Nigeria: The Need for its onservation,” Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 1 (7), 511–514.
Nakamura, T. (2003). Meristic and Morphometric Variation in the Fluvial Japanese Chair between Rivers System and Among Tributaries of a River System. Biol. Fishes, 66(2), 133-141.
Oladimeji, T. E., Awodiran, M. O. & Ola-Oladimeji, F. A. (2020). Morphological Characterization of Natural populations of Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) from three selected reservoirs in south-western Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 22 (3), 85-96.
Ola-oladimeji, F. A., Michael O. A., Omotayo F, & Adetola O. A. (2016). Morphological Characterisation of Wild and Cultured Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Using Principal Component and Cluster Analyses. Not Sci Biol, 8(4), 428-436.
Oladipo, S. O., Everett, A., Atofarati, O. T., Smith, K. K., Nneji, I. C., Adelakun, K. M. & Nneji L.M. (2025). Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) In: An updated ichthyofaunal checklist for the Nigerian Lagos Lagoon with notes on nomenclatural changes and the conservation status of species. Zootaxa 5646(1),38-62, DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.2.
Omoniyi, I.T. & Agbon, A.O. (2008). Morphometric variations in Sarotherodon melanotheron (Pisces: Cichlidae) from brackish and fresh water habitats in south-western Nigeria. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 12: 1-5.
Turan C., Yalcin, S., Turan, F, Okur, E & Akyurt, I. (2005). Morphometric comparisons of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, populations in Turkey. Folia Zoologica 54:165-172.
Paugy, D. (1990). Osteoglossidae. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy & G.G. Teugels (eds.) Fauna of Freshwater and Brackish Water Fishes of West Africa. Volume 1. Coll. Fauna Trop. n°XXVIII. Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, and Éditions de l'ORSTOM, Paris. 1, p.386.
Reed, W., J. Burchard, A.J. Hopson, J. Jenness, & Yaro, I. (1967). Fish and fisheries of Northern Nigeria. Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Nigeria, Nigeria, p.226.
Suleiman, B. U. & Ifabiyi, I. P. (2015). The Role of Rainfall Variability in Reservoir Storage Management at Shiroro Dam, Nigeria. Monoma Ethiopian Journal of Science, 7: 55-63.
Solomon, S. G., Okomoda, V. T., & Ogbenyikwu, A. I. (2015). Intraspecific morphological variation between cultured and wild Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) (Clariidae, Siluriformes) Archives of Polish Fisheries, 23:53-61.
Ukenye, E. A. Taiwo, I. A., Ezekiel, M. O. & Udoezika, U. C. (2015). Morphological Variation of Ten Tilapia guineensis Populations in Selected Rivers in Nigerian coastal waters International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 24(1), 273-284.
Vatandoust, S., Asghar, A., Hossein, A, & Hamed, M (2014). Morphometric and meristic characteristics and morphological differentiation among five populations of Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario (Pisces: Salmonidae) along the southern Caspian Sea basin. European Journal of Zoological Research, 3 (2):56-65 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html),
Welcomme, R. L. (1988). International introductions of inland aquatic species, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, (294) 318, p.384
Wmnbegter, P.H. (1992). An Evaluation of Morphometrics and Meristics for Stock Separation of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 45: 197–218.
World Bank/ Lake /Chad Basic Commission (2002). Appraisal of the Safety of the Tiga and Challawa Gorge Dams, Nigeria. 563 (2): P.8.
Zamroni, A., Kembaren, D. D., Ernawati, T., Purwanto. Satria, F., Nurdin, E., Mardiani, S. R., & Budiarti, T.W. (2021). A Genetic and Morphometric Study on Red Snapper and Grouper in Fisheries Management Area 715. A Case Study on Malabar Blood Napper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and Leopard Coral Grouper (Plectropomus leopardus). Prepared by the Research Institute for Marine Fisheries - MMAF and the USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project. Jakarta, Indonesia, p.60.
Zhao, P. H., Liu, B. S., Liu, B., Zhu, K. C., Guo, H. Y., Xian, L., Zhang, N., & Zhang, D. C. (2023). Analysis of Morphological differences Among different Populations of Golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, Bamidgeh, 75 (1),3p.