Keywords
effluent
water
sediment
coastal ecosystems
Abstract
The study assessed the potential impacts of fish farm effluents throughout a production life cycle on receiving coastal ecosystems in Southwestern Nigeria. Physicochemical characteristics of fish pond effluents collected from nine fish farms, surface water and sediments from two sites 50 meters apart downstream (SI) and upstream locations (1SII) along a potential contamination gradient of receiving coastal ecosystem were determined using standard volumetric procedures and methods described in American Public Health Association (APHA). The results show that water and sediment obtained from downstream (SI) and upstream (SII) adjacent Lagoons showed no significant variation (P < 0.05) in mean values of pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, SO4, NO3 and total organic matter. However, the concentrations of PO4 (3.90 ± 1.04), total organic carbon (6.01 ± 0.29), total dissolved solids (96.63 ± 11.78) and total suspended solids (6.25 ± 1.98) downstream of receiving coastal ecosystems were relatively higher than the levels observed in fish ponds (PO4 - 1.45 ± 0.25, total organic carbon - 5.92 ± 0.31, total dissolved solids - 71.62 ± 4.10 and total suspended solids - 3.95 ± 0.49) suggesting potential impact from fish farms. This calls for appropriate legislation and management practices to minimize potential environmental contamination in the area.
References
Akinrotimi, O.A., Abu, O.M.G. and Aranyo, A. A. (2011). Environmental friendly aquaculture key to sustainable fish farming development in Nigeria. Continental Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 5(2):17-31.
American Public Health Association (APHA) (2005). Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Public Health Association, Washington DC.
Amirkolaie, K. (2008). Environmental impact of nutrient discharged by Aquaculture wastewater on the Haraz River. Fish Aquaculture Science,3(5):275-279.
Barraza-Guardado RH, Arreola-Lizarraga JA, López-Torres MA, Casillas-Hernández R, Miranda-Baeza A, Magallón-Barrajas F, Ibarra-Gámez C. 2013. Effluents of shrimp farms and it influence on the coastal ecosystems of Bahía de Kino, Mexico. Sci. World J. 8Pp.
Boaventura, R., Pedro, A.M., Coimbra, J. and Lencastre, E. (1997). Trout Farm Effluents: Characterization and Impact on the Receiving Streams. Environmental Pollution, 95: 379-387.
Bodary, M., Stone, N., Lochmann, S. and Frimpong, E. (2004). Characteristics of effluents from central Arkansas baitfish farms. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 35:489-497.
Cao, L., Wang, W., Yang, Y., Yang, C., Yuan, Z., Xiong, S. and Diana, J. (2007). Environmental Impact of Aquaculture and Countermeasures to Aquaculture Pollution in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 14:452-462.
Casillas-Hernández, R., Magallon-Barajas, F., Portillo, C. G. and Páez-Osuna, F. (2006). Nutrient mass balance in semi-intensive shrimp ponds from Sonora, Mexico, using two feeding strategies: trays and mechanical dispersal. Aquaculture, 258:289–298.
Clarke, E.O., Anetekhai, M.A., Akin-Oriola, G.A., Onanuga, A.I.S., Olarinmoye, O.M., Adeboyejo, O.A. and Agboola, I. (2004). The Diatom (Bacillariophyta) diversity of an open access lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Research and Review in Science, 3:70-77.
Clesceri, L.S. and Franson, M.A.H. (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edn., American Public Health Association, Washington D.C., 1220Pp.
Fagbenro, O.A., Akinbulumo, M.O. and Ojo, S.O. (2004). Aquaculture in Nigeria - past experience, present situation and future outlook (history, status and prospects). World Aquaculture, 35 (2):23-26.
FDF (2010). Federal Department of Fisheries. Press Report of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources Abuja. Delivered by the Director of Fisheries at Nicon-Noga Hilton Hotel on 24 December 2010. 22- 34.
Gao, J., Wang, Y., Pan, S., Zhang, R., Li, J., and Bai, F. (2008). Spatial distributions of organic carbon and nitrogen and their isotopic compositions in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea area. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 18: 46–58.
Green, J., Brannon, E. and Hardy, R. (2002). Effects of dietary phosphorus and lipid levels on utilization and excretion of phosphorus and nitrogen by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 2. Production-scale study. Aquac. Nutr. 8: 291–298.
Holmer, M. (2010) Environmental issues of fish farming in offshore waters: perspectives, concerns and research needs. Aquac Environ Interact., 1:57–70.
Mantzavrakos, E., Kornaros, M., Lyberatos, G. and Kaspiris, P. (2007). Impacts of a marine fish farm in Argolikos Gulf (Greece) on the water column and the sediment. Desalination, 210:110–124.
Marchand, C., Molnar, N., Deborde, J., Della Patrona, L., and Meziane, T. (2014). Seasonal pattern of the biogeochemical properties of mangrove sediments receiving shrimp farm effluents (New Caledonia). Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 5(5):1-13.
Martínez-Córdova, L. R., Martínez-Porchas, M. and Cortés-Jacinto E. (2009). Camaronicultura mexicana y mundial: ¿Actividad sustentable o industria contaminante? Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient., 25:181–196.
Martínez-Porchas, M. and Martínez-Córdova, L. R. (2012). World aquaculture: Environmental impacts and troubleshooting alternatives. The Scientific World Journal, 9Pp.
Miranda-Baeza, A., Voltolina, D., Brambila-Gámez, M. A., Frías-Espiricueta, M. and Simental, J. (2007). Effluent characteristics and nutrient loading of a semi-intensive shrimp farm in NW Mexico. Vie Milieu 57: 21–27.
Nóbrega, G. N., Otero, X. L., Macías, F., Ferreira, T. O. (2014). Phosphorus geochemistry in a Brazilian semiarid mangrove soil affected by shrimp farm effluents. Environ. Monitor. Assess., 186:5749–5762.
Noroozrajabi, A., Ghorbani, R., Abdi, O. and Nabavi, E. (2013). The Impact of Rainbow Trout Farm Effluents on Water Physicochemical Properties of DaryasarStream.World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 5:342-346.
Omofunmi, O. E., Adisa, A. F., Alegbeleye, S. O. and Oloye, A. O. (2017). Impacts of Catfish Effluents on Water Quality Parameters of Majidun Stream, South-West, Nigeria. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 13(3):380-390.
Omofunmi, O.E.1, Adewumi. J.K., Adisa, A.F. and Alegbeleye, S.O. (2016). To Assess the Impact Catfish Farm Effluents on Water Quality of Majidun Stream, South-West, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 10:28-35.
Piedrahita, R.H. (2003). Reducing the Potential Environmental Impact of Tank Aquaculture Effluents through Intensification and Recirculation. Aquaculture, 226: 35-44.
Pusceddu, A., Fraschetti, S., Mirto, S., Holmer, M. and Danovaro, R. (2007). Effects of intensive mariculture on sediment biochemistry.Ecological Application., 17:1366–1378.
Simpson, S. L., Batley, G. E., Chariton, A. A., Stauber, J. L., King, C. K. and Chapman, J. C. (2005). Handbooks for sediment quality assessment. Bangor, NSW: CSIRO. 126Pp.
Suárez-Abelenda, M., Ferreira, T. O., Camps-Arbestain, M., Rivera-Monroy, V. H., Macías, F., Nobrega G. N. and Otero, X. L. (2014). The effect of nutrient-rich effluents from shrimp farming on mangrove soil carbon storage and geochemistry under semi-arid climate conditions in northern Brazil. Geoderma 213: 551–559.
US-EPA (2001). Nutrient criteria technical guidance manual estuarine and coastal marine water. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. 362Pp.
Vezzulli, L., Moreno, M., Marin, V., Pezzati, E., Bartoli, M. and Fabiano, M. (2008). Organic waste impact of captured-based Atlantic bluefin tuna aquaculture at an exposed site in the Mediterranean Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci., 78:369–384.
Yokoyama, H., Abo, K., and Ishihi, Y. (2006). Quantifying aquaculture-derived organic matter in the sediment in and around a coastal fish farm using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios. Aquaculture, 254: 411–425.
Zhou, J., Wu, Y., Kang, Q. and Zhang, J. (2007). Spatial variations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur in the salt marsh sediments of the Yangtze Estuary in China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Scienc