Keywords
protein concentrate
soybean meal
Nile Tilapia
African catfish
Abstract
Cassava leaf protein concentrates (CLPC) was evaluated as a substitute for solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) in diets for Oreochromis niloticus (experiment 1) and Clarias gariepinus (experiment 2). The effects on growth performance, diet utilization, hepatosomatic index, liver histology and some haematological characteristics were determined. Oreochromis niloticus and C. gariepinus were assigned to two triplicated treatments and fed at 5% body weight/day, twice daily for 70 days. Growth response, diet utilization, hepatosomatic index and haematological characteristics were similar (P >0.05) in O. niloticus fed CLPC- or SBM-based diets. No alterations occurred in O. niloticus liver tissues. Growth response declined and diet was poorly utilized in C. gariepinus fed CLPC-based diet with inferior hepatosomatic index, haematological characteristics. Severe alterations occurred in catfish liver tissues, attributed to residual anti-nutrients in CLPC. CLPC represents a suitable SBM replacer as dietary protein source for O. niloticus but not for C. gariepinus.
References
Anyanwu, D.C., Umeh, O.I., Ugo, C.K., Maduka, B.C. and Mbachu, M.U. (2012). Nutrient utilization and growth of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed dietary levels of cassava leaf meal. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 11 (11):1037-1040.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of analyses. 18th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC. 1320-1356.
Basiao, Z.U. and Arago, A. (1988). A preliminary investigation of some blood properties of Oreochromis mossambicus and red tilapia, In: Second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (Pullin, R.S.V. et al., editors), ICLARM Conference Proceedings L5. Manila, Philippines: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, 596Pp.
Bichi, A.H. and Ahmad, M.K. (2010). Growth performance and nutrient utilization of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed varying dietary levels of processed cassava leaf meals. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 3 (1):118-122.
Bohnenberger, L., Gomes, S.D., Coelho, S.R.M. and Boscolo, W. R. (2008) Chemical composition and apparent digestibility of the cassava leaf protein concentrate (CLPC) for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Proceedings of the Brazilian Congress of Agricultural Engineering, International Livestock Environment Symposium - ILES VIII, Iguassu Falls City, Brazil. August 31-September 4, 2008, 28-35.
Bohnenberger, L., Gomes, S.D., Coelho, S.R.M. and Boscolo, W.R. (2010). Concentrado proteico de folhas de mandioca na alimentação de tilápias-do-nilo na fase de reversão sexual (Cassava leaf protein concentrate in Nile tilapia diets during sex reversal phase). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39 (6):1169-1174.
Bureau, D.P., dela Noue, J. and Jaruratjamorn, J. (1995). Effect of dietary incorporation of crop residues on growth, mortality and feed conversion ratio of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). Aquaculture Research 26 (5): 351-360.
Chavez, N.N.G., Ragaza, J.A., Corre, V.I. Jr., Serrano, A.E. Jr. and Traifalgar, R.F.M. (2016). Effects of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaf protein concentrate as soybean protein replacement in white shrimp Litopenarus vannamei (Boone) post larvae diet. Aquaculture Research 47: 2642-2649.
Chhay, Ty., Borin, K., Sopharith, N., Preston, T.R. and Aye, T.M. (2010). Effect of sun-dried and fresh cassava leaves on growth of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish fed basal diets of rice bran or rice bran mixed with cassava root meal. Livestock Research for Rural Development 22 (3): 43Pp.
Chinabut, S., Limsuwan, C. and Kitsawat, P. (1991). Histology of the walking catfish, Clarias batrachus. Asian Fish Health Network and International Development Research Centre, Canada. 96Pp.
Ekanem, A.P., Eyo, V.O. and Ndome. C.B. (2010). The effect of diet with different inclusion levels of cassava Manihot utilissima leaf meal (CLM) on the growth performance of “Heteroclarias” fingerlings. Journal of Sciences and Multidisciplinary Research 2:58-67.
El-Sayed, A-F.M. (2006). Environmental requirements, pp.3-46, In: Tilapia culture. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, UK. 277Pp.
Fagbenro, O.A. (2013). Overview on the use of cassava by-products in aquafeeds. Applied Tropical Agriculture 18 (2):58-65.
Fagbenro, O.A. and Davies, S.J. (2004). Use of high percentages of soy protein concentrate as fish meal substitute in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822): growth, diet utilization and digestibility. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 16: 113-124.
Fagbenro, O.A. and Olurole, O. (2016). Digestibility of nutrients in cassava leaf protein concentrate by Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae) and Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae). African Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management 1 (1):13-19.
Fischl, J. (1960). Quantitative colorimetric determination of tryptophan. Journal of Biological Chemistry 235:999-1001.
Gómez, G., and Valdivieso, M. (1984). Cassava foliage: chemical composition, cyanide content and effect of drying on cyanide elimination. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,36 (6):433-441.
Hasan, M.R., Azad, M.K., Omar Farooque, M., Akand, A.M. and Das, P.M. (1991). Evaluation of some oilseed cakes as dietary protein sources for the fry of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). In, Proceedings of the fourth Asian Fish Nutrition Workshop, S.S. De Silva (editor), Asian Fisheries Society Special Publication 5, Manila, Philippines. 107-117.
Hasan, M.R., Roy, P.K. and Akand, A.M. (1994). Evaluation of Leucaena leaf meal as a protein source for Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, fingerlings. In, Proceedings of the fifth Asian Fish Nutrition Workshop, S.S. de Silva (editor), Asian Fisheries Society Special Publication 9, Manila, Philippines. 69-76.
Haylor, G.S. (1989). The case for the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822, Clariidae: a comparison of the relative merits of Tilapiine fishes, especially Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and C. gariepinus Burchell, for African aquaculture. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 20:279-285.
Heuzé, V. (2013). Accessed at: www.feedipedia.org/
Higgs, D.A., McBride, J.R. Markert, J.R. Dosanjh, B. Plotnikoff, M. D. and Clarke, W.C. (1982). Evaluation of tower and candle rapeseed (canola) meal and Bronowski rapeseed protein concentrate as protein supplements in practical dry diets for juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyrscha). Aquaculture 29:1-31.
Hossain, M.A., and Jauncey, K. (1988). Toxic effects of glucosinolate, synthetic and from mustard oil-cake on growth and food utilization in common carp. Indian Journal of Fisheries 35:186-196.
Hossain, M.A., and Jauncey, K. (1989). Nutritional evaluation of some Bangladeshi oilseed meals as partial substitutes for fish meal in the diet of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 20:255-268.
Jauncey, K. (2000). Nutritional requirements. In: Tilapias: biology and exploitation (Beveridge, M.C.M. and McAndrew, B.J., editors), Kluwer Academic Publishers, UK. 327-375.
Johansson, L., Kiessling, A. and Carlsson, R. (1991). Eating quality and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on feed with different admixture of leaf nutrient concentrate. Journal of Science and Food Agriculture 57:217-234.
Madalla, N. (2008). Novel Feed Ingredients for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, UK. 196Pp.
Modesti, C.F., A.D. Corrêa, E.D. Oliveira, C.M.P. Abreu, and C.D. Santos. (2007). Characterization of cassava leaf protein concentrate obtained by heat and acid precipitation. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos 27:464-469.
Morrison, C.M., Fitzsimmons, K. and Wright, Jr. J.R. (2006). Atlas of Tilapia histology. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, US. 96Pp.
Müller, Z. (1977). Improving the quality of cassava root and leaf product technology. In, Cassava as animal feed. Proceedings, Cassava as Animal Feed Workshop, (Nestel, B. and Graham, M., editors) 120-126, University of Guelph, Canada. IDRC-095e: Ottawa.
Ng, W.K. and Wee, K.L. (1989). The nutritive value of cassava leaf meal in pelleted feed for Nile tilapia. Aquaculture 83:45-58.
Ngugi, C.C., Oyoo-Okoth, E., Manyala, J.O., Fitzsimmons, K. and Kimotho, A. (2017). Characterization of the nutritional quality of amaranth leaf protein concentrates and suitability of fish meal replacement in Nile tilapia feeds. Aquaculture Reports 5: 62-69.
Nour, A.M., Omer, E.A., Struck, J. and Gunter, K.D. (l985). Leaf protein concentrate in feeding mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) in intensive culture. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Science 1:103-110.
Ogino, C., Cowey, C.B. and Chiou, J.Y. (1978). Leaf protein concentrates and protein source in diets for carp and rainbow trout. Bulletin of the Japanese Society for Scientific Fisheries 44:49-52.
Olvera-Novoa, M.A., Campos, G.S., Sabido, G.M. and Martinez-Palacios, C.A. (1990). The use of Alfalfa leaf protein concentrates as a protein source in diets for tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Aquaculture 90:291-302.
Olvera-Novoa, M.A., Perira-Pacheco, F., Olivera-Castillo, L., Perez-Flores, V., Narorro, L. and Samano, J.C. (1997). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) protein concentrate as replacement for fish meal in diets for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Aquaculture 158 (1):107-116.
Oresegun, A. and Alegbeleye, W.O. (2001). Growth response and nutrient utilization of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed varying levels of cassava peels-based ration supplemented with DL-methionine. In: (Eyo, A.A., editor), Fish nutrition and fish feed technology. Proceedings of the 1st national symposium on fish nutrition and fish feed technology, 26-29 October 1999. Lagos, Nigeria: Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON). 38-44.
Oresegun, A. and Alegbeleye, W.O. (2002). Serum and tissue thiocyanate concentration in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed cassava peel-based diets supplemented with DL-Methionine. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics 17 (2): 93-100.
Oresegun, A., Fagbenro, O.A., Ilona, P. and Edah B. (2016). Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of cassava leaf protein concentrates from six cassava varieties for use in aquafeed. Cogent Food and Agriculture 2: 1147323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932. 2016. 1-6.
Padmaja, G. (1989). Evaluation of techniques to reduce assayable tannin and cyanide in cassava leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 37 (3):712-716.
Pereira-da-Silva, E.M. and Pezzato, L.E. (2000). Response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to the attraction and palatability of the used ingredients in the feeding of fishes. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 29 (5):1273-1280.
Ravindran, V., Kornegay, E.T. and Rajaguru, A.S.B. (1987). Influence of processing methods and storage time on the cyanide potential of cassava leaf powder. Animal Feed Science and Technology 17 (4): 227-234.
Ravindran, V. (1993). Cassava leaves as animal feed; potential and limitations. Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 61: 141-150.
Reigh, R.C. (2008). Underutilized and unconventional plant potein supplements. 433-474, in: Alternative protein sources in aquaculture diets (Lim, C., Webster, C.D. and Lee, C-S., editors). The Haworth Press, Taylor and Francis Group, New York. 571Pp.
Soliman, A.K. (2000). Water hyacinth protein concentrate meal as a partial fish meal replacer in red tilapia diets. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (ISTA V) (Fitzsimmons, K. and Filho, J.C.), pp. 221-226. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Stirling, H.P. (editor). (1985). Chemical and biological methods of water analysis for aquaculturists. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland. 119Pp.
Stupak, M., Vanderschuren, H., Gruissem, W. and Zhang, P. (2006). Biotechnological approaches to cassava protein improvement. Trends in Food Science Technology 17: 634–641.
Sutriana, A. (2007). The use of cassava leaves as a dietary component for African catfish fry. Journal Ked. Hewan 1(2):59-65.
Svobodova, Z., Pravda, D. and Palackova, J. (1991) Unified methods of haematological examination of fish. Vodany, Czechoslovakia: Research Unit of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology. 31Pp.
Svobodova, Z., Kolarova, J., Machova, J., Vykusova, B., Barthova, J., Hamaackova, J. and Kouril, J. (1994). Basic haematological parameters of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from warmwater culture. In: Resumes of the International Workshop on the Biological Basis for Aquaculture of Siluriformes, (Legendre, M., editor), Groupe Aquaculture continentale Mediterraneenne Et Tropicale (GAMET), Montpellier, France. 11-16.
Telek, L., and Martin, F.W. (1983). Tropical plants for leaf protein concentrate. In, Leaf Protein Concentrates, L. Telek, and H.D. Graham (editors), AVI Publication Co., Ciudad, 81-116.
Viveen, W.J.A.R., Richter, C.J.J., Van Oordt, P.G.W.J., Janssen, J.A.L. and Huisman, E.A. (1985). Manual for the culture of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Directorate General for International Technical Cooperation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, The Netherlands. 93Pp.
Wee, K.L. and Wang, S.S. (1987). Nutritive value of Leucaena leaf meal in pelleted feed for Nile tilapia. Aquaculture 62 (2):97-108.
Wilson, R.P. and Moreau, Y. (1996). Nutrient requirements of catfishes - a review. Aquatic Living Resources 9: 103-111.